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University of California Press

About the Book

Ecologist Madhav Gadgil and historian Ramachandra Guha offer fresh perspectives both on the ecological history of India and on theoretical issues of interest to environmental historians regardless of geographical specialization.

Juxtaposing data from India with the ecological literature on lifestyles as diverse as those of modern Americans and Amazonian Indians, the authors analyze the social conflicts that have emerged over environmental exploitation and explore the impact of changing patterns of resource use on human societies. They present a socio-ecological analysis of the modes of resource use introduced to India by the British, and explore popular resistance to state environmental policies in both the colonial and post-colonial periods.

About the Author

Madhav Gadgil is Professor at the Centre for Ecological Sciences at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. Ramachandra Guha is a Professorial Fellow at the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library in New Delhi and is the author of The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalayas (California, 1989).

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements 
Prologue : Prudence and Profligacy 
PART ONE: A THEORY OF ECOLOGICAL HISTORY 
1 Habitats in Human History 
• Modes of Production and Modes of Resource Use 
• Four Historical Modes 
• Gathering 
• Simple Rules of Thumb 
• Pastoralism 
• Settled Cultivation 
• The Industrial Mode 
• Conflict Between and Within Modes 
• Intra-Modal Conflict 
• Recapitulation 
• Appendix: Note on Population 
PART TWO: TOWARDS A CULTURAL ECOLOGY OF PRE-MODERN INDIA 
2 Forest and Fire 
• Geological History 
• Prudent Predators 
• Neolithic Revolution 
• River-valley Civilizations 
• Social Organization 
• The Age of Empires 
• Conservation from Above 
3 Caste and Conservation 
• Resource Crunch 
• Conservation from Below 
• An Eclectic Belief System 
• The Village and the State 
• Conclusion 
PART THREE: ECOLOGICAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL CONFLICT IN MODERN INDIA
4 Conquest and Control 
• Colonialism as an Ecological Watershed 
• The Early Onslaught on Forests 
• An Early Environment Debate 
• Forest Policy Upto 1947 
• The Balance Sheet of Colonial Forestry 
5 The Fight for the Forest 
• Hunter-gatherers : The Decline Towards Extinction 
• The 'Problem' of Shifting Cultivation 
• Settled Cultivators and the State 
• Everyday Forms of Resistance: The Case of Jaunsar Bawar 
• The Decline of the Artisanal Industry 
• Conclusion: The Social Idiom of Protest 
• The Mechanisms of Protest 
6 Biomass for Business 
• Two Versions of Progress : Gandhi and the Modernizers 
• Forests and Industrialization : Four Stages 
• The Balance Sheet of Industrial Forestry 
• Sequential Exploitation: A Process Whereby a Whole Flock of Geese Laying Golden Eggs is Massacred One by One 
• The Profligacy of Scientific Forestry 
7 Competing Claims on the Commons 
• Hunter-gatherers 
• The Continuing 'Problem' of Shifting Cultivation 
• The Changing Ecology of Settled Agriculture 
• Claiming a Share of the Profits 
• Wild Life Conservation: Animals Versus Humans 
8 Cultures in Conflict 
Bibliography 
Index 

Reviews

"A masterful study. . . . It does for ecological history what the writings of Marx and Engels did for the study of class relations and social production."—Michael Adas, Rutgers University