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University of California Press

About the Book

In a series of powerful strokes, the music of Beethoven’s last years redefined his legacy and enlarged the realm of experience accessible to the creative imagination. Maynard Solomon’s Late Beethoven investigates the phenomenon of the final phase, focusing especially on the striking metamorphosis in Beethoven’s system of beliefs that began early in his fifth decade and eventually amounted to a sweeping realignment of his views of nature, antiquity, divinity, and human purpose.

Using the composer’s letters, diaries, and conversation books, Solomon traces Beethoven’s attraction to a constellation of heterogeneous ideas, drawn from Romanticism, Freemasonry, comparative religion, Eastern initiatory ritual, Mediterranean mythology, aesthetics, and classical and contemporary thought. Through these often arcane sources, Beethoven gained access to a vast reservoir of imagery and ideas with the potential to expand music’s expressive and communicative reach. This ""multitude of productive images,"" writes Solomon, ""provided kindling for the blaze of his imagination.""

Late Beethoven is a rich tapestry of original perspectives on Beethoven’s music. Solomon sees the Seventh Symphony as a deployment of the rhythms of antiquity in an effort to revalidate the premises of the Classical world; the Ninth as an essay on the prospects and limits of affirmative, monumental endings; and the ""Diabelli"" Variations as a doorway to the universe of metaphoric significances that attach to beginnings. In the Violin Sonata in G, op. 96, Solomon finds a restoration of the full range of pastoral experience that the ancient poets had known. In the Grosse Fuge he locates issues of fragmentation and reassembly, and he suggests that pivotal passages of the last sonatas evoke sacred states of being.

These stimulating perspectives illuminate the inner world within which Beethoven dwelled during his last fifteen years and the ways in which his thought and music may be interrelated. Written in accessible and eloquent prose, and with numerous music examples, Late Beethoven is a serious contribution to understanding this miraculous quantum leap in Beethoven’s creative evolution.

About the Author

Maynard Solomon is a leading authority on Beethoven, the author of four books on the composer and of Mozart: A Life. His Beethoven Essays received the Kinkeldey Award of the American Musicological Society for the most distinguished book of the year. Solomon has taught at Columbia, Harvard, and Yale Universities, and is on the graduate faculty of the Juilliard School. He is also an advisor to the Beethoven Archive in Bonn.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments
Prologue: A Sea Change

1. The End of a Beginning: The ""Diabelli"" Variations
2. Beyond Classicism
3. Some Romantic Images
4. Pastoral, Rhetoric, Structure: The Violin Sonata in G, Op. 96
5. Reason and Imagination: The Aesthetic Dimension
6. The Seventh Symphony and the Rhythms of Antiquity
7. The Masonic Thread
8. The Masonic Imagination
9. The Shape of a Journey: The ""Diabelli"" Variations
10. Intimations of the Sacred
11. The Sense of an Ending: The Ninth Symphony
12. The Healing Power of Music

Abbreviations
Notes
Index

Reviews

"[a] magisterial collection of 12 essays exploring new facets of Beethoven's late style. . . . Solomon has undertaken a study no one before him either dared or bothered to do. . . . He forces us to hear the late music with destabilized new ears. Given that Beethoven is a composer more often and more widely performed than any other in the classical pantheon, this is a feat with few equals."
Los Angeles Times Book Review
"A new view of Beethoven's artistic development that will be much discussed."
New York Review of Books
"Beautifully written and produced."
Classical Music Magazine
“What emerges is something of a cubist portrait of a reclusive and deeply introspective older master, presenting views from many angles that freely overlap or melt into one another.”
New York Times
"The journey into Beethoven's inner world reveals startling new vistas--Eastern philosophy, mysticism, Masonic threads, and, above all, a deep, Romantic strain. . . . Solomon's twelve essays achieve a near miracle.... Beethoven scholarship will be digesting his radical portrait for years to come as the postmodernes Beethovenbild comes into clearer focus.... Solomon's extraordinary book should prove an important influence on the field."
Journal of Musicological Research
“Admirable.”
Times Literary Supplement
"Mature fruit of one of the great biographers of our time. . . Every chapter bears witness to the elegance, subtlety and humaneness of Solomon's own thought, as well as to his manifest faith in the importance of Beethoven's music . . . There can be no denying the fact that this important book lays the basis for a new appreciation of the richness of thought behind Beethoven's later works, and raises the stakes for all future inquiry into this music."
Notes
"Maynard Solomon's new book is horizon-expanding, informative, over-written yet often beautiful, controversial in its wealth of speculative interpretations and implications of referential meanings. It does for Beethoven what Nicholas Till's did for Mozart a few years ago, presenting him, despite being plunged at an early age into professional music-making, as widely read in literature and philosophy—ancient, esoteric and oriental as well as mainstream European; and Professor Solomon's own erudition and breadth of reference are exhilarating. We are shown another Beethoven, constituted in a different way, and it is for the reader and listener to bring the two together."
Musical Times
"[Solomon is] an approachable and frequently illuminating writer."
BBC Music Magazine
"[F]or sheer interpretive genius and an uncommon gift for rendering in prose the complex, humanly compelling subtleties of Beethoven's music and life, few approach Maynard Solomon. . . . [E]very chapter in Solomon's book is full of subtle, deeply satisfying accounts of what actually went into Beethoven's late-style works."
Nation
“, , , as the book progresses, his language eases into fluency. . . . Essential.”
CHOICE
"Maynard Solomon writes with an unrivaled control of a vast cultural and intellectual sweep that reaches beyond Ancient Greece, and with a graceful precision that disguises the rich complexity of his ideas. Distilling from the late works their sources in both the overarching themes of mankind and the troubled psyche of the composer, he has forever altered a familiar landscape."—Richard Kramer, Distinguished Professor, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and author of Distant Cycles: Schubert and the Conceiving of Song

"With a bow to the immortal study by J.W.N. Sullivan, Late Beethoven could have also been called "Beethoven: His Spiritual Development." Solomon weaves amazingly diverse threads, chapter by chapter, into the fabric of Beethoven's belief system, his take on nature, divinity, human purpose, morality, and the mission of music. This is a book of surprises by an author whose combination of breadth of thought, imaginativeness, aesthetic sensitivity, and learning is really wonderful.—Joseph Kerman, author, with Alan Tyson, of The New Grove Beethoven