Chapter 4: Symbolic Interactionist/Social Constructionist Perspective
Blurred Boundaries I: Consensus and Conflict in Constructing Deviants
The Roots of Symbolic Interaction: The Social Self
Labeling Theory and Social Construction
Social Construction of Deviance Categories
Resource Mobilization and Deviance Framing
Resource Mobilization
Deviance Framing
Credibility
Atrocity Tales
Cultural Resonance
Initial Rule-Breaking and Primary Deviance
Primary versus Secondary Deviance
Biography and Effective Environment
Techniques of Neutralization
The Roles of Others
Turning On
Limits of Voluntary Choice
Processing Deviants
Stereotyping and Master Statuses
Institutionalizing Deviance
Typifications and Recipe Knowledge
Stigmatization and Resistance
Stigmatization and Role Engulfment
Stigma Management and Resistance
Stigma Management among the Discreditable
Stigma Management among the Discredited
In-Group Stigma Management
Blurred Boundaries II: Framing Surprising Alliances
Summary
Keywords
Chapter 5: Murder
Blurred Boundaries I: Two Convicted Murderers
Current Constructions of Murder in the United States
Types of Murder
Statistical Snapshot
Challenges in Researching Murder
Counting Murder
Getting Close
Cross-Cultural Constructions of Murder
Different Definitions
Different “Causes”
Different Responses
History of Murder in the United States
Early America
Whites and Native Americans
Whites and Slaves
White-on-White Murder
Civil War to World War I
Post-World War II
Landscape of Murder in the New Millennium
Social Capital and Homicide
Interactional Contexts and Ethnographic Voices
Character Contests: Six Stages
Stage One: Personal Offense
Stage Two: Assessment
Stage Three: Retaliation
Stage Four: Working Agreement
Stage Five: Battle
Stage Six: Resolution
Contemporary Responses to Murder
Punitive Responses
Contextual Responses
Stigma Management and Resistance
Blurred Boundaries II: Is Assisted Suicide Murder?
Summary
Keywords
Chapter 6: Rape
Blurred Boundaries I: Two Sexual Assaults
Current Constructions of Rape in the United States
Types of Rape
Statistical Snapshot
Challenges in Researching Rape
Counting Rape
Getting Close
Cross-Cultural Constructions of Rape
Different Definitions
Different “Causes”
Different Responses
History of Rape in the United States
Early America
Post-Civil War Era
Feminist Era: 1960s–Present
Rape Proclivity and Routine Activity Theories
Interactional Contexts and Ethnographic Voices
Stranger Rape
Phase One: Preexisting Life Tensions
Phase Two: Transformation of Motivation into Action
Phase Three: Perpetrator–Victim Confrontation
Phase Four: Situation Management
Phase Five: Disengagement
Party Rape
Contemporary Responses to Rape
Identifying and Processing Rapists
Treatment of Rape in the Courts
Stigma Management and Resistance
Blurred Boundaries II: What is Too Drunk to Say Yes?
Summary
Keywords
Chapter 7: Financially Motivated Crime in the Streets
Blurred Boundaries I: Two Thieves
Current Constructions of Street-level Property Crimes in the United States
Types of Street-level Property Crime
Statistical Snapshot
Challenges in Researching Street-level Property Crimes
Counting Street-level Property Crime
Getting Close
Cross-Cultural Constructions of Street-level Property Crime
Different Definitions
Different “Causes”
Different Response
History of Street-level Property Crimes in the United States
Merton’s Social Structure and Anomie
Interactional Contexts and Ethnographic Voices
Contemporary Responses to Street-level Property Crime
Stigma Management and Resistance
Blurred Boundaries II: A College Education for Prisoners?
Summary
Keywords
Chapter 8: White-Collar Crime
Blurred Boundaries I: Two White-Collar Crimes
Current Constructions of White-Collar Crimes in the United States
Types of White-Collar Crime
Statistical Snapshot
Challenges in Researching White-Collar Crime
Counting Crime in the Suites
Getting Close
Cross-Cultural Constructions of White-Collar Crime
Different Definitions
Different “Causes”
Different Responses
History of White-Collar Crime in the United States
Rise of the Robber Barons
Progressive Era and Regulatory Control
White-Collar Crime in the United States Today
Merton’s Social Structure and Anomie
Interactional Contexts and Ethnographic Voices
Contemporary Responses to White-Collar Crime
Stigma Management and Resistance
Blurred Boundaries II: Should Michael Milken Get a Presidential Pardon?
Summary
Keywords
Chapter 9: Alcohol Abuse
Blurred Boundaries I: Two Faces of Problem Drinking
Current Constructions of Alcohol Abuse in the United States
Types of Alcohol Abusers
Statistical Snapshot
Challenges in Researching Alcohol Abuse
Counting Alcohol Abuse
Getting Close
Cross-Cultural Constructions of Alcohol Abuse
Different Definitions
Different “Causes”
Different Responses
History of Problem Drinking in the United States
Pioneer America
The Road to Prohibition
The Medicalization of Problem Drinking
The Age of Ambivalence
Social Learning Theory and Alcohol Abuse
Interactional Contexts and Ethnographic Voices
College Binge Drinker
The Alcoholic
Drunk Drivers
Contemporary Responses to Problem Drinking
Punitive/Treatment Response
Contextual Responses
Stigma Management and Resistance
In-Group Strategies
Out-Group Strategies
Alcoholics Anonymous and Identity Transformation
Blurred Boundaries II: Contextual Responses to College Drinking
Summary
Keywords
Chapter 10: Drug Abuse
Blurred Boundaries I: Two Drug Abusers
Current Constructions of Drug Abuse in the United States
Types of Drug Use and Abuse
Statistical Snapshot
Challenges in Researching Drug Abuse
Counting Illegal Drug Use
Getting Close
Cross-Cultural Constructions of Drug Abuse
Different Definitions
Different “Causes”
Different Responses
History of Drug Abuse in the United States
Unregulated Early America
Road to Punitive Prohibition
The War on Drugs
Social Learning Theory and Drug Abuse
Interactional Contexts and Ethnographic Voices
Marijuana
Hard “Street” Drugs
Contemporary Responses to Drug Abuse
Punitive Prohibition and Reducing Supply
Drug Courts
Harm Reduction
Stigma Management and Resistance
In-Group Stigma Management
Out-Group Stigma Management
Collective Action
Blurred Boundaries II: Is It Time to Legalize Drugs?
Summary
Keywords
Chapter 11: Sex Work
Blurred Boundaries I: The Street Prostitute and the Playboy College Girl
Current Constructions of Sex Work and Pornography in the United States
Types of Sex Work
Statistical Snapshot
Challenges in Researching Sex Work
Counting Sex Work
Getting Close
Cross-Cultural Constructions of Sex Work
Different Definitions
Different “Causes”
Different Responses
History of Sex Work in the United States
Antebellum America and the Wild West
The Gilded Age of US Prostitution
The Great Social Evil
The Internet Era
Merton’s Anomie and Social Learning Theories
Interactional Contexts and Ethnographic Voices
Prostitution
Street Prostitution
Massage Parlors and Brothels
Escort Services
Dancing for Dollars
Oppression and Empowerment Paradigms
Contemporary Responses to Sex Work
Policing Prostitution
Rehabilitation Programs
Legalization and Regulation
Stigma Management and Resistance
Techniques of Neutralization
Living in the Closet
Stigma Management with Customers
Mutual Support
Coming Out of the Closet and Collective Action
Blurred Boundaries II: The John Shaming Debate
Summary
Keywords
Chapter 12: Mental Illness
Blurred Boundaries I: Two Faces of Mental Illness
Current Constructions of Mental Illness in the United States
Statistical Snapshot
Challenges in Researching Mental Illness
Counting Mentally Illness
Getting Close
Cross-Cultural Constructions of Mental Illness
Different Definitions
Different “Causes”
Different Treatments
History of Mental Illness in the United States
Era of the Asylum
Deinstitutionalization Era
Antidepressant Era
Social Stress Theory
Interactional Contexts and Ethnographic Voices
Alienation from Place
Definitive Outburst
Help-Seeking
The Medication Experience
Depression and Medication
Schizophrenia and Medication
Hospitalization
Contemporary Responses to Mental Illness
Community Care?
Criminalization of Mental Illness
Mental Health Courts
Stigma Management and Resistance
In-Group Stigma Management
Out-Group Strategies
Collective Action
Blurred Boundaries II: A Hyper Child of Your Own
Summary
Keywords
Chapter 13: Obesity and Eating Disorders
Blurred Boundaries I: Two “Fat” People
Current Constructions of Obesity and Eating Disorders in the United States
Types of Obesity and Eating Disorders
Statistical Snapshot
Challenges in Researching Obesity and Eating Disorders
Counting Obesity and Eating Disorders
Getting Close
Cross-Cultural Constructions of Obesity and Eating Disorders
Different Definitions
Different “Causes”
Different Responses
History of Obesity and Eating Disorders in the United States
Colonial America
Rise of the Antifat Campaign
Fat in the Feminist Era
Calories In-Calories Out and Self-Control Theory
Interactional Contexts and Ethnographic Voices
Dieting and Fitness Programs
Facing Failure
The Costs of Weight Obsession
Contemporary Responses to Obesity
Weight-Loss and Fitness Industry
Medical Drugs
Surgery
Social Policy and Government Regulation
Stigma Management and Resistance
Weight-Loss Support Groups
Challenging Frames
Blurred Boundaries II: Banning Weight Discrimination in the Workplace
Summary
Keywords
Chapter 14: LGBTQ Identities
Blurred Boundaries: Two Stories of Same-Sex Attraction
Current Constructions of LGBTQ Identities in the United States
Statistical Snapshot
Challenges in LGBTQ Research
Counting LGBTQ Identities and Sexual Behavior
Getting Close
Cross-Cultural LGBTQ Constructions
Different Definitions
Different “Causes”
Different Responses
LGBTQ History in the United States
Early American Secrecy
1890s to World War II
The Cold War on Homosexuals
Era of Collective Action and Conservative Responses
A Post-Gay Era?
The Limits of Positivistic Approaches
Interactional Contexts and Ethnographic Voices
Straight Gay Sex Today
Coming Out
Contemporary Responses to LGBTQ Issues
Stigma Management and Resistance
Blurred Boundaries II: “Gay” or “Straight”?
Summary
Keywords
References
