Promoting Human Wellness

New Frontiers for Research, Practice, and Policy

Margaret Schneider Jamner and Daniel Stokols, editors

Christopher M. Anderson is project director for the California Smokers¹ Helpline, a statewide program funded by the California Department of Health Services, Tobacco Control Section, and operated by the University of California, San Diego. He has taken a leading role in the development and implementation of counseling protocols and measurement instruments used for adult and adolescent smokers enrolled in the program.

John C. Beck, M.D., Ph.D. (honoris causa), D.Sc. (honoris causa), was born in the United States and lived a large portion of his life in Canada, returning to the United States in 1974. He was educated at McGill University and had extensive postgraduate training in Europe and the United States. He has held senior academic positions at McGill University; the University of California, San Francisco; and the University of California, Los Angeles. In 1993, he became emeritus professor of medicine (recalled) and now spends full time in research with projects in Switzerland, Germany, and the United States. His major research interests include risk factor identification for functional decline, prevention of disability, health risk appraisal in the elderly, alcohol use in the elderly, and quality-of-care indicators in nursing homes.

Lester Breslow, M.D., M.P.H., Sc.D. (honoris causa), is a professor and dean emeritus at the UCLA School of Public Health. He also serves as chair of the Los Angeles County Public Health Commission, is a fellow of the American College of Physicians, and is a member of the UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center as well as the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. He has held numerous other professional positions, including director of the California State Department of Health, director of the UCLA Health Promotion/Disease Prevention Center, president of the American Public Health Association, president of the International Epidemiology Association, and chairman of the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics. He received both his M.D. and his M.P.H. from the University of Minnesota. His many awards include the Lienhard Award from the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, the Healthtrac Award for Health Improvement, the Charles A. Dana Award for Outstanding Achievement in Health, the American Public Health Association Sedgwick Medal for Distinguished Service, and the Lasker Award. He was founding editor of the Annual Review of Public Health and has published a large number of scholarly articles.

Johanna Birckmayer holds a Ph.D. in health policy from Harvard University. She received a master¹s degree in public health from the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education at the University of North Carolina. She has extensive work experience in Africa in the design, implementation, and evaluation of health programs and now serves as an evaluator for a public health organization in Colorado.

Thomas J. Coates, Ph.D., director and principal investigator on the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Center for AIDS Prevention Studies and director of the UCSF AIDS Research Institute, is a professor of medicine and epidemiology and biostatistics at UCSF. He received his Ph.D. in psychology from Stanford University. He was among the first behavioral scientists to conduct research on HIV primary and secondary prevention. During the last 10 years, he has worked to keep the AIDS research agenda abreast of new challenges that emerge as the epidemic unfolds. He has recruited biomedical, social, and behavioral scientists to address these challenges at the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS) and elsewhere. His advice on AIDS is sought by the Office of AIDS Research at the National Institutes of Health, Family Health International¹s AIDS Prevention Project, the World Health Organization, the U.S. Congress, and other important policy-making bodies. Throughout his career, he has conducted theory-based research on health-related behavior, with an emphasis on interventions to prevent disease and promote health. His research ranges from studies on individual determinants of behavior to community-based interventions.

Sharon Danoff-Burg is an assistant professor of psychology at the State University of New York at Albany. Her interests are in the area of psychosocial aspects of women¹s health and chronic illness. Currently, she is conducting research on interpersonal stress and coping with rheumatoid arthritis.

Andrew Duxbury, M.D., received his M.D. from the University of Washington. He completed his residency in internal medicine and a fellowship in geriatrics at the University of California, Davis (UCD), Medical Center and joined the faculty of the UCD School of Medicine in 1993. There he was director of community-based programs for the Section of Geriatrics, including the Geriatrics Clinics, the House Call Program, and the Sacramento County Multipurpose Senior Services Program. In 1998, he joined the faculty of the University of Alabama, Birmingham, in gerontology and geriatric medicine, where he combines a busy clinical practice caring for the frail elderly in the community with both professional and community teaching.

Patricia L. East is an associate research scientist in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine. She has published extensively on teenage sexuality, pregnancy, and parenting and is author of Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting: Findings from a Racially Diverse Sample (with Marianne Felice; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996). She has served on the editorial board of Developmental Psychology, Journal of Research on Adolescence, and The International Journal of Behavioral Development and is editor of The Society for Research on Adolescence Newsletter. She is also on the National Institutes of Health¹s grant review study section for social sciences and population, has regularly reviewed grant applications for the National Science Foundation, and was part of the San Diego Task Force on Adolescent Pregnancy for the American Academy of Pediatrics. Currently, she is conducting an evaluation of the Adolescent Sibling Pregnancy Prevention Program, a $3 million annual statewide teenage pregnancy prevention program administered through the California Department of Health Services, Maternal and Child Health Branch.

Sheryle J. Gallant is an associate professor of psychology at the University of Kansas. She was chair of the American Psychological Association¹s 1994 conference "Psychosocial and Behavioral Factors in Women's Health: Creating an Agenda for the 21st Century." Her research has focused on conceptual and methodological issues in the assessment of mood and behavior changes during the menstrual cycle and biopsychosocial correlates of premenstrual syndrome.

Theodore G. Ganiats, M.D., is associate professor and vice chair of the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), School of Medicine. He received both his medical school and his family medicine residency training at UCSD. Ganiats is currently the program director for the UCSD Health Outcomes Assessment Program. His research often combines his experience in national clinical guideline development with his interest in health outcomes assessment and health policy.

Sylvia Guendelman is an associate professor in the Division of Health Policy and Administration and the Maternal and Child Health Program at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health. She holds the Sweezey-Womack Endowed Chair in Medical Research. Several of her research studies focus on the health effects of immigration and on United States­Mexico border health issues. She often combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies to analyze policy-relevant questions.

Adele Dellenbaugh Hofmann, M.D., is a clinical professor of pediatrics at the University of California, Irvine (UCI) and a subspecialist in adolescent medicine. At the time of this paper¹s original writing in 1993, she was adjunct professor of pediatrics and director of adolescent medicine at UCI. Prior to coming to UCI, she was, first, associate director of the Teen Clinic at Beth Israel Hospital and, subsequently, director of the Adolescent Medical Unit at Bellevue Hospital­New York University Medical Center, both in New York City. Among many honors and distinctions, Dr. Hofmann has served as a president of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, chairperson of the Section on Adolescent Health of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and consultant to the World Health Organization. She also is a recipient of the Outstanding Achievement in Adolescent Medicine Award of the Society for Adolescent Medicine and the Distinguished Service in Adolescent Health Award of the American Academy of Pediatrics (subsequently renamed the Adele Dellenbaugh Hofmann Award in her honor). Dr. Hofmann has authored four books and has over 100 publications. She also has been a frequent visiting professor and lecturer throughout the United States and abroad.

Robert M. Kaplan is professor and chair of the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine at the University of California, San Diego. He has been a recipient of an NHLBI Lung Division Research Career Development Award. He is a past president of several organizations, including the American Psychological Association Division of Health Psychology, Section J of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Pacific), the International Society for Quality of Life Research, and the Society for Behavioral Medicine. He is editor-in-chief of the Annals of Behavioral Medicine and consulting or associate editor of five other academic journals. Selected additional honors include the following: APA Division of Health Psychology Annual Award for Outstanding Scientific Contribution, 1987; Distinguished Research Lecturer, 1988; Health Net Distinguished Lecturer, 1991; University of California 125th Anniversary Award for Most Distinguished Alumnus, University of California, Riverside; American Psychological Association Distinguished Lecturer; and Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Association of Medical School Psychologists.

Joyce C. Lashof is currently professor emerita of public health at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB). She was dean of the School of Public Health at UCB from 1981 to 1991. She has combined a career in academic medicine with a career in public service. She has published in the area of public health policy, technology assessment, and the interface of public health and primary care. She was elected to the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, in 1981 and was awarded the Sedgewick Medal for distinguished service in public health by the American Public Health Association in 1995 and the Henrik Blum Award by the Northern California Public Health Association in 1998. She served as president-elect (1990­91) and as president of the American Public Health Association (1991­92).

Sheldon Margen received his medical degree from the University of California, San Francisco, Medical School, in 1943. He practiced internal medicine in Berkeley, California, until 1962, when he joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley. He has served as an adviser to many national and international agencies. He has published approximately 150 scientific articles in the area of nutrition and public health and has coauthored two medical books: a nutrition encyclopedia and a self-help handbook. He is currently an emeritus professor of public health and chairman of the editorial board of advisers of the University of California, Berkeley, Wellness Letter.

Meredith Minkler is professor and chair of health and social behavior in the School of Public Health at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB), where she received her Dr.PH in 1975. She was founding director of the UCB Center on Aging and a cofounder of the San Francisco­based Tenderloin Senior Organizing Project (TSOP). A Kellogg National Fellow, she has served as a consultant to groups and organizations, including the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, the White House Conference on Aging, the Ford Foundation, and the Health Promotion Directorates of several Canadian provinces. Her more than 100 publications include the coauthored book Grandmothers as Caregivers: Raising Children of the Crack Cocaine Epidemic (Sage 1993), the coedited volume Critical Perspectives on Aging (Baywood Publishing, 1998), and an edited book, Community Organizing and Community Building for Health (Rutgers University Press, 1997).

Philip R. Nader is professor of pediatrics and chief of the Division of Community Pediatrics at the University of California, San Diego. His expertise in health and educational services for school-age children has resulted in extension of his leadership in child health policy at the state and national levels to the international level, with the awarding of a Fogarty Senior International Fellowship to New Zealand and Australia from 1995 to 2001. His research has concentrated on systems influencing children¹s health behaviors, specifically dietary and physical activity, with a view toward reducing childhood risk factors of adult cardiovascular disease. A majority of his research has been on the evaluation of educational interventions taking place in and through schools.

Mack Roach III, M.D., is an associate professor of radiation oncology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). He also holds a position as an associate professor in the Department of Medicine, the Division of Medical Oncology, and the Department of Urology. He is a diploma-certified internist and medical oncologist, as well as a board-certified radiation oncologist. He is a member of the American College of Radiology¹s Appropriateness Criteria Task Force for Prostate Cancer, which defines appropriateness guidelines for staging and treatment of prostate cancer. Dr. Roach is the lead author of the section on Guidelines for Treatment Planning. He also currently serves on the task forces of the National Cancer Institute¹s Concept Evaluation Panel Committee for Prostate Cancer, as well as the NCI-sponsored Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Working Group. He is the chief editor of the InterNet Journal Club section on Genitourinary Topics, and is active on the editorial boards of The Prostate Journal and the International Journal Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. He serves as a reviewer for Cancer, the Journal of Clinical Oncology, and Urology. Dr. Roach has received significant grants from the National Institutes of Health for prostate cancer radiotherapy trials and from the American Cancer Society for clinical oncology, and was recently recognized for his work by the Best Doctors in the Bay Area and Best Doctors in America awards program. He has authored more than 60 peer-reviewed articles on the topics of radiation therapy, prostate cancer, and lung cancer. He has published extensively on the topic of race and survival from cancer, and currently chairs the Special Populations Sub-committee of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG).

Kathy Sanders-Phillips, Ph.D., a pediatric psychologist, is an associate professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), School of Medicine and an associate member of the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center within the UCLA School of Health. As a result of her interest in factors affecting development and health in ethnic minority children, she began to identify and explore barriers to healthy behaviors in ethnic minority families. Her research in this area, funded by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, assessed perceptions regarding health promotion behaviors among low-income, Black, and Latino women. The findings from this study subsequently provided a foundation for a health promotion program funded by the National Cancer Institute and implemented in 16 Head Start sites in South Central Los Angeles.

Marc B. Schenker is professor and chair of the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis. He is also director of the University of California Agricultural Health and Safety Center at Davis. His training is in internal medicine (pulmonary disease), preventive medicine (occupational), and epidemiology. His research has focused on risk factors and prevention of occupational disease and on occupational cancer. His work has addressed hazards in a wide range of workplaces, from agriculture to semiconductor manufacturing.

Margaret Schneider Jamner, Ph.D., is an assistant researcher in the School of Social Ecology at the University of California, Irvine. She is a health psychologist whose research focuses on the cognitive, social, and environmental factors influencing health behavior change. She has used a social-ecological approach to explore the processes underlying the adoption of health promotion practices, such as engaging in regular physical activity, and the initiation of health protective practices, such as using condoms to prevent infection with HIV. Her research supports the use of community-based interventions that combine innovative educational interventions with environmental facilitation to bring about behavior change.

William J. Sieber, Ph.D., earned his doctorate degree in clinical psychology from Yale University and completed his clinical training at the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center. He has published in the areas of chronic pain management, psychoneuroimmunology, and the assessment of the mind-body relationship. He currently holds an appointment as assistant adjunct professor in the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine. As a senior research manager with the Lewin Group, he serves as a consultant to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies assisting in the design and analysis of studies determining the effectiveness of a variety of health care interventions. His current research interests include the effect of mood on the perception and reporting of health, the direct physiological impact of perceived control on health, and the development of quality-of-life measures that are useful to both clinician and researcher. His clinical activities focus on marital and family therapy for the chronically ill.

Stuart J. Slavin, M.D., M.Ed., is associate professor of pediatrics in the Division of General Pediatrics of the University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine. Since 1989, he has served as director of the Pediatric Residency Program. He is also director of undergraduate education for the department. He serves as cochair of the Medical Education Committee for the School of Medicine.

Annette L. Stanton is a professor and director of the graduate specialty in clinical health psychology at the University of Kansas. She also serves as associate editor for Health Psychology. Her edited books are Infertility: Perspectives in Stress and Coping Research (with C. Dunkel-Schetter; Plenum, 1991) and The Psychology of Women¹s Health: Progress and Challenges in Research and Application (with S. J. Gallant; American Psychological Association, 1995). She has focused on stress and coping theory in her research, particularly as applied to individuals and couples coping with cancer or infertility.

Daniel Stokols, Ph.D., is professor of social ecology and dean emeritus of the School of Social Ecology at the University of California, Irvine. He is past president of the Division of Population and Environmental Psychology of the American Psychological Association, serves as a section editor of the American Journal of Health Promotion, and is a member of the editorial boards of the Health Education and Behavior and the Journal of Architectural and Planning Research. He also received the Annual Career Award from the Environmental Design Research Association in 1991. His current research examines the effects of physical and social conditions within work environments on employees¹ health, performance, and social behavior. Additional areas of his research include the design and evaluation of community and work-site health promotion programs, transdisciplinary approaches to the prevention of tobacco use, the health and behavioral impacts of environmental stressors such as traffic congestion and overcrowding, and the application of environmental design research to urban planning and facilities management.

Richard C. Strohman, having done research into molecular and cellular aspects of development, is now emeritus professor of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB). He has been chair of the UCB Zoology Department (1973­76) and director of Berkeley¹s Health and Medical Sciences Program (1976­79). While on leave from UCB in 1990, he was research director for the Muscular Dystrophy Association¹s international effort to combat genetic neuromuscular diseases. His recent writing that deals with the limits of genetic reductionism in biology and medicine has received wide acclaim and has identified him as one of the leading figures thinking and writing on current changes in the structure of modern biology.

S. Leonard Syme is a professor emeritus of epidemiology and a professor in the Graduate School at the University of California, Berkeley. His research has focused on social and psychological risk factors for disease. In this work, he has studied Japanese migrants to Hawaii and California, British civil servants in London, bus drivers in San Francisco, and residents of Alameda County. He has done research on social mobility, acculturation, social support, social class, and empowerment. In recent years, he has increasingly turned his attention to community interventions to prevent disease. He is the principal investigator of The Wellness Guide Project.

Amparo C. Villablanca is an associate professor of cardiovascular medicine and founder and director of the Women¹s Cardiovascular Health Program and Clinic in the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of California, Davis (UCD). She has been interested in all aspects of preventive cardiology and has become a recognized expert in heart disease in women. She currently serves on the advisory boards for the UCD site of the NIH-sponsored Women¹s Health Initiative Study, the Consortium for Women and Research at UCD, and the Executive Steering Committee of the UCD Health System Center of Excellence in Women¹s Health. In 1994, she was appointed to the advisory council of the California Department of Health Services¹ Office of Women¹s Health, where she is chair of its Cardiovascular Health Technical Advisory Group. Her research in basic science utilizes cellular and molecular biology techniques to study the way in which female hormones regulate the function of blood vessels and the expression of genes in vascular cells.

Craig R. Waldo, Ph.D., is a research psychologist at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Center for AIDS Prevention Studies in the Department of Medicine. He received his Ph.D. in clinical/community psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where his work focused mainly on minority stress related to sexual and antigay harassment in the workplace. At UCSF, he continues his theoretical interest in organizational and community settings as contexts that can shape behavior by studying the influence of these settings on HIV risk-taking behavior. He is also interested in evaluating HIV preventive interventions, particularly those that rely on empowerment theory and that take community-based approaches with gay and bisexual men.

Lawrence Wallack is currently professor and director, School of Community Health, Portland State University. This work was done when he was professor of public health at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the founding director of the Berkeley Media Studies Group, which worked on the Violence Prevention Initiative described in his chapter. He writes and lectures extensively on issues related to public health and mass media.

Carol Hirschon Weiss is a professor in the Harvard University Graduate School of Education. She has published 11 books, including Evaluation: Methods of Studying Programs and Policies (Prentice Hall, 1998). She pioneered the concept of theory-based evaluation in her best-selling book Evaluation Research (Prentice Hall, 1972). She is the author of scores of journal articles on evaluation, the uses of research and evaluation, and methods for improving the use of research evidence in policy and programs. She has been a consultant to such organizations as the U.S. Department of Education, the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Aspen Institute, and the Rand Corporation.

Michael S. Wilkes, M.D., Ph.D., is an associate professor of medicine in the Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research in the University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine. He is the associate director of the Center for Educational Development and Research. In 1997, he was the recipient of the Alpha Omega Alpha Distinguished Teacher Award.

Shu-Hong Zhu is an associate professor of family and preventive medicine at the University of California, San Diego. As principal investigator of the California Smokers¹ Helpline, which enrolls a large number of smokers and other tobacco users from the general community on an ongoing basis, he is able to test clinical hypotheses with large subject samples that are usually not available to clinical researchers. His recent work has focused on developing effective brief interventions for smoking cessation for adolescents and pregnant women.